India’s Arms Imports – SIPRI Report (2020-24)

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) recently released its arms transfer report for 2020-24, revealing significant shifts in global arms imports and exports. India remains a major player in the international arms market, ranking as the second-largest arms importer after Ukraine. The report highlights key trends in India's defense procurement, the evolving supplier landscape, and the broader geopolitical implications of global arms trade patterns.

1. Introduction:

India’s defense landscape has undergone significant transformation over the past two decades, with a focus on modernizing its military and diversifying its arms suppliers. The SIPRI Report (2020-24) provides a comprehensive analysis of these changes, particularly in the wake of geopolitical shifts such as the Russia-Ukraine war, China’s growing defense partnerships, and the evolving dynamics of European defense spending. The report also underscores India’s efforts to balance its traditional reliance on Russian weaponry with new agreements with Western suppliers.

2. Key Findings of SIPRI Report (2020-24):

India’s Ranking in Global Arms Imports-

India is the second-largest arms importer in the world (after Ukraine).
The country’s arms imports reflect its strategy to maintain regional security and modernize its defense forces.

Shift in India’s Arms Procurement Sources-

Imports from Russia:

Russia remains India’s biggest defense supplier, accounting for 36% of total arms imports.
However, this marks a decline from 55% in the previous period (2015-19), indicating India’s diversification strategy.
Major Russian procurements include S-400 missile systems, submarines, and fighter aircraft.

French Arms Exports to India:

India has become France’s largest defense customer, receiving 28% of France’s total arms exports.
Key French defense platforms delivered to India:
- Rafale fighter jets (significantly boosting India’s aerial capabilities).
- Scorpene submarines (enhancing India’s naval strength).
- Other advanced weaponry to modernize India’s military forces.

Pakistan’s Arms Imports from China:

Pakistan’s dependence on Chinese arms has further increased, with 81% of its total arms imports coming from China (up from 74% in 2015-19).
This reinforces China’s role as Pakistan’s primary defense partner and reflects growing military cooperation between the two nations.

China’s Position in Global Arms Trade:

For the first time since 1990-94, China has dropped out of the top 10 global arms importers.
This signifies China’s growing focus on indigenous defense production and reduced reliance on foreign suppliers.

Changing Dynamics of Global Arms Trade

U.S. arms exports have increased, strengthening its position as the world’s leading arms supplier.
Russia’s arms exports have declined by 64%, primarily due to Western sanctions, production delays, and shifting global alliances.
Italy has moved up in the list of global arms exporters, reflecting European nations’ increased role in defense supplies.

3. India’s Major Defense Suppliers:

India has diversified its defense imports by engaging with multiple suppliers. The top defense partners include:

1. Russia:

Traditional supplier with major agreements for S-400 missile systems, submarines, and fighter aircraft.
Ongoing cooperation despite reduced share in India’s total imports.

2. France:

Leading supplier of Rafale jets, Scorpene submarines, and advanced defense systems.
Strengthened Indo-French defense ties with major contracts in the pipeline.

3. United States:

Emerging as a key supplier with agreements for Apache and Chinook helicopters, P-8I surveillance aircraft, and advanced missile systems.
Strengthened defense ties through BECA, COMCASA, and LEMOA agreements.

4. Israel:

Critical supplier of drones, radar systems, and missile defense technology.
Joint ventures with India for indigenous defense manufacturing.

4. Strategic Defense Agreements and Partnerships:

India-France Defense Cooperation:

France has emerged as one of India’s most trusted defense partners.
Agreements include:
- Rafale fighter jets for the Indian Air Force.
- Scorpene-class submarines for the Indian Navy.
- Future defense deals under discussion for joint development of advanced weaponry.

India-Russia Defense Ties:

Russia continues to be a crucial partner, with major projects such as:
- S-400 missile system deployment in India.
- Joint development of BrahMos missiles.
- Naval cooperation, including nuclear submarine leasing.
However, India’s gradual diversification away from Russian defense equipment is evident.

5. Impact of Global Conflicts on India’s Defense Imports:

The Russia-Ukraine war has reshaped global defense procurement, increasing demand for Western military equipment.
European nations have significantly increased defense spending due to security concerns from geopolitical tensions.
India’s import diversification strategy is influenced by supply chain challenges and strategic autonomy objectives.
China’s reduced arms imports highlight its domestic defense production advancements, posing strategic challenges for India.

6. Conclusion:

The SIPRI Report (2020-24) reaffirms India’s position as a leading arms importer, reflecting its emphasis on national security and military modernization. While Russia continues to be India’s primary defense partner, there is a clear trend toward diversification, with increased acquisitions from France, the United States, and Israel. The evolving geopolitical landscape, supply chain disruptions, and global conflicts will further shape India’s defense procurement strategy in the coming years. Strengthening indigenous defense production through ‘Make in India’ and self-reliance initiatives will be crucial for reducing dependency on foreign suppliers and achieving strategic autonomy in defense capabilities.